Uncertainty-Aware Optimization of Electricity–Gas–Heat–Hydrogen Hubs with Behind-the-Meter Systems for Cost and Emissions Reduction

Ahmadian, Ali; Azizi, Farshid

doi:10.22109/jemt.2026.588968.1604

Uncertainty-Aware Optimization of Electricity–Gas–Heat–Hydrogen Hubs with Behind-the-Meter Systems for Cost and Emissions Reduction

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Ali Ahmadian

Farshid Azizi

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran

10.22109/jemt.2026.588968.1604

Abstract

This study develops a robust scheduling framework for an integrated electricity–gas–heat–hydrogen energy hub with Behind-the-Meter (BTM) photovoltaic–battery systems and multi-carrier demand response. The framework jointly represents renewable-generation and electrical, gas, and heat demand uncertainties through polyhedral uncertainty sets, while incorporating battery degradation-aware operating constraints and technology-specific emissions. Four configurations are evaluated under common system conditions to isolate the effects of BTM resources and demand response. The baseline operating cost of $14,528 decreases to $11,281 with BTM resources, $13,661 with demand response, and $9,650 when both are coordinated, corresponding to a maximum cost reduction of 33.6%. Emissions decrease from 14,805 kg CO₂e in the baseline to 14,115 kg CO₂e with BTM resources, whereas demand response alone increases emissions to 15,383 kg CO₂e. Their combined operation limits emissions to 14,239 kg CO₂e while achieving the lowest operating cost. The results show that the economic and environmental effects of demand-side flexibility depend strongly on its coordination with local generation and storage under uncertainty.

Keywords

Multi-carrier energy systems

Energy storage degradation

Emissions reduction

Robust optimization

Behind-the-meter systems

Subjects