Slaughterhouse waste to energy in the energy transition with performance analysis and design of slaughterhouse biodigestor

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Department of Industrial Engineering, Durban University of Technology, South Africa

10.22109/jemt.2021.292954.1309

Abstract

A performance analysis of an operating slaughterhouse was carried out with the objective of identifying challenges, opportunities and improvement measures through operation and proposal of an optimum design of the biogas plant. The facility slaughters an average of 200 cows and 400 sheep per day producing an average of 16,000 kg of solid waste and 40 m3 of wastewater. The study showed that out of the total solid and liquid waste of about 56,000 kg from the slaughterhouse, only 2,800 kg is utilized in biogas production leaving out 53,200 kg of waste untreated by the biogas digestor. This research proposes the construction of an 80 m3 capacity hydrolysis tank, 1,600 m3 capacity digester tank and a 2,000 m3 biogas storage bag for the increased biogas production. Retention time would have to be increased to 20 days from 17 days and substrate PH level increased to 7.0 from average of 6.5. The proposed design will increase biogas production from current 35 m3 to 1,920 m3 and increase solid wasted utilization increase from 1.875% to 75% and that of liquid waste from 6.25% to 100%. Production of biogas and electricity will contribute to greenhouse gas emissions mitigation as one of the wastes to energy pathways in the energy transition. The study concludes that slaughterhouse waste to energy conversion has an important role to play in the sustainable energy transition and a cleaner environment.

Keywords

Main Subjects


1. Á. R. Abalde, "ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Pre-treatments and co-digestion,"
PhD, UPC – Program on Environmental Engineering, Barcelonatech, Barcelona, Spain, 2013. [Online]. Available:
https://www.tesisenred.net/bitstream/handle/10803/134769/TARA1de1.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y
2. M. Ortner, D. Wöss, A. Schumergruber, T. Pröll, and W. Fuchs, "Energy self-supply of large abattoir by sustainable waste utilization based on anaerobic mono-digestion," Applied Energy, vol. 143, pp. 460-471, 2015/04/01/ 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.039.
3. H. Afazeli, A. Jafari, S. Rafiee, and M. Nosrati, "An investigation of biogas production potential from livestock and slaughterhouse wastes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 34, pp. 380-386, 2014/06/01/ 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.016.
4. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "Development of a cereal grain drying system using internal combustion engine waste heat," presented at the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Singapore, March 7-11, 2021, 2021. [Online]. Available: http://www.ieomsociety.org/singapore2021/papers/188.pdf.
5. K. C. Rao, SECTION II – ENERGY RECOVERY FROM ORGANIC WASTE, K. C. R. S. Gebrezgabher, ed.:
Taylor & Francis, 2018, p. 281. [Online]. Available: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/resource recovery
from waste-section-II.pdf.
6. M. J. B. Kabeyi, "Geothermal electricity generation, challenges, opportunities and recommendations," International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (ijasre), vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 53-95, 2019, doi: 10.31695/IJASRE.2019.33408.
7. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "Central versus wellhead power plants in geothermal grid electricity generation," Energy, Sustainability and Society vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1-23, 2021, Art no. ESSO-D-20-00011R4, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-021-00283-8.
8. International Energy Agency (IEA), "Biogas from slaughterhouse waste: towards an energy self-sufficient industry," Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, , EA Bioenergy Task 37, December, 2009 2009. [Online].
Available: https://www.ieabioenergy.com/blog/publications/biogas-fromslaughterhouse-waste-towards-an-energy-self-sufficient-industry/
9. M. J. B. Kabeyi, "Investigating the challenges of bagasse cogeneration in the kenyan Sugar Industry," International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 7-64, May 2020 2020, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3828855.
10. J. Odero, K. C. Rao, and N. Karanja, "Power from slaughterhouse waste (Nyongara Slaughter House, Dagorretti, Kenya)," in SECTION II –Energy recovery from waste, K. C. Rao and S. Gebrezgabher Eds.: Taylor & Francis, 2018, ch. 5, pp. 248-256.
11. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "Central versus wellhead power plants in geothermal grid electricity generation," Energy, Sustainability and Society vol. 11, no. 7, p. 23, 2021, Art no. ESSO-D-20-00011R4, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-021-00283-8.
12. M. A. Musa, S. Idrus, M. R. Harun, T. F. Tuan Mohd Marzuki, and A. M. Abdul Wahab, "A Comparative Study of Biogas Production from Cattle Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Conventional and Modified Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactors," International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 283, 2020.
[Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/1/283.
13. P. Klintenberg, M. Jamieson, V. Kinyaga, and M. Odlare, "Assessing Biogas Potential of Slaughter Waste: Can Biogas Production Solve a Serious Waste Problem at Abattoirs?," Energy Procedia, vol. 61, pp. 2600-2603, 2014/01/01/ 2014, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.257.
14. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Olenwaraju, "Managing sustainability in electricity generation " presented at the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Singapore, 14 – 17 December 2020, 2020, IEEM20-P-0406.
15. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "Managing Sustainability in Electricity Generation," presented at the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Singapore, Singapore, 14-17 December 2020, 2020, IEEM20-P-0406 [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9309994.
16. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "Geothermal wellhead technology in grid power generation," Energy Exploration & Exploitation 2021, Art no. EEA-20-0026.
17. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "The Potential of Power Generation from Municipal Solid Waste," presented at the 2nd African International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Harare, Zimbabwe, 5-7 December 2020, 2020, 081 [Online]. Available: http://ieomsociety.org/harare2020/papers/81.pdf.
18. M. J. K. Kabeyi, "Feasibility of wellhead technology power plants for elecricity generation," International Journal of Computer Engineering In Research Trends, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-16, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.22362/ijcert/2020/v7/i02/v7i0201.
19. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "Development of a Biogas Research Article Journal of Energy Management and Technology (JEMT) Vol. 6, Issue 3 206 Plant with Electricity Generation, Heating and Fertilizer Recovery Systems," presented at the 2nd African International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, IEOM Society International, 5-7 December 2020, 2020, 082 [Online]. Available: http://ieomsociety.org/harare2020/papers/82.pdf.
20. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "Optimization of Biogas Production for Optimal Abattoir Waste Treatment with Bio-Methanation as Solution to Nairobi Slaughterhouses Waste Disposal," presented at the 2nd African International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Harare, Zimbabwe, 5- 7 December 2020, 2020, 083
[Online]. Available: http://ieomsociety.org/harare2020/papers/83.pdf.
21. K. Rajendran, S. Aslanzadeh, and M. J. Taherzadeh, "Household Biogas Digesters—A Review," Energies, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 2911-2942, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/5/8/2911.
22. M. J. B. Kabeyi, "Geothermal electricity generation, challenges, opportunities and recommendations " International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 53-95, 2019, doi:
10.31695/IJASRE.2019.33408.
23. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "Dual cycle cogeneration plant for an operating diesel powerplant," presented at the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Singapore, March 7-11, 2021, 2021. [Online]. Available: http://www.ieomsociety.org/singapore2021/papers/200.pdf.
24. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "Performance Analysis of an Open Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant in Grid Electricity Generation," presented at the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Singapore, Singapore, 14-17 December 2020, 2020, IEEM20-P-0438 [Online]. Available:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9309840.
25. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "Performance analysis of diesel engine power plants for grid electricity supply," in 31ST Annual Southern African Institution for Industrial Engineering Conference, South Africa, H. Teresa, Ed., 5th – 7th October 2020 2020, vol. 2020, no. 31: South African Institution of Industrial Engineers, 2020, pp. 236-250. [Online].
Available: https://www.dropbox.com/s/o0sj1l08v8n9sgh/SAIIE31%
20Conference%20Proceedings.pdf?dl=. [Online]. Available:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/o0sj1l08v8n9sgh/SAIIE31% 20Conference%20Proceedings.pdf?dl=
26. D. Zagklis, E. Konstantinidou, C. Zafiri, and M. Kornaros, "Assessing the Economic Viability of an Animal Byproduct Rendering Plant: Case Study of a Slaughterhouse in Greece," Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 14, p. 5870, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2071- 1050/12/14/5870.
27. J. Akpojaro, G. Ofualagba, and M. A. Akpojaro, "Electricity Generation from Cow Dung Biogas," Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 1301-1307, 2019, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i7.17.
28. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Olenwaraju, "Development of a Biogas Plant with Electricity Generation, Heating and Fertilizer Recovery Systems," presented at the 2nd African International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Harare, Zimbabwe, December 7-10, 2020, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.ieomsociety.org/harare2020/papers/82.pdf.
29. B. Amigun, R. Sigamoney, and H. V. Blottnitz, "Commercialisation of biofuel industry in Africa: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 12, no. 2008, pp. 690–711, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2006.10.019.
30. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "The Potential of Grid Power Generation from Municipal Solid Waste for Nairobi City," presented at the 2nd African International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Harare, Zimbabwe, 5-7 December 2020, 2020, 081 [Online]. Available: http://ieomsociety.org/harare2020/papers/81.pdf.
31. AgSTAR, "Anaerobic digester/Biogas system operator guidebook," in "A guidebook for operating anaerobic digestion/biogas systems on farms in the United States," United States Environmental Agency (EPA), EPA 430-B-20-003, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-11/documents/agstaroperator-guidebook.pdf
32. S. Tanigawa, "Biogas: Converting Waste to Energy," October 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.eesi.org/files/FactSheet-Biogas2017.09.pdf
33. Gate Information Service / gtz, "Anaerobic treatment of slaughterhouse waste and wastewater," Technical Information W5e, p. 12, February 2001 [Online]. Available: https://energypedia.info/images/3/34/Anaerobic-Treatment-ofSlaughterhouse-Waste-and-Wastewater.pdf
34. M. J. B. Kabeyi, "Evolution of Project Management, Monitoring and Evaluation, with Historical Events and Projects that Have Shaped the Development of Project Management as a Profession," International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), vol. 8 no. 12, 2019, doi: 10.21275/ART20202078.
35. M. J. B. Kabeyi, "Project and Program Evaluation Consultancy With Terms of Reference, Challenges, Opportunities, and
Recommendations," International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 171-194, 2019, doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.12.2019.p9622.
36. M. J. B. Kabeyi, "Corporate Governance in Manufacturing and Management with Analysis of Governance Failures at Enron and Volkswagen Corporations," American Journal of Operations Management and Information Systems, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 109-123., 2020, doi: 10.11648/j.ajomis.20190404.11.
37. Celitron, "Slaughterhouse rendering: the best way to dispose of carcass waste?," ed: Celitron Medical Technologies Kft., 2020.
38. World Bank, Global study of livestock markets, slaughterhouses and related waste management systems: Wrld Bank, 2009, p. 305. [Online]. Available: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/156701468147583817/pdf/696530ESW0P1000l0Study0of0Livestock.pdf.
39. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "Preliminary Design of a Bagasse Based Firm Power Plant for a Sugar Factory," presented at the South African Universities Power Engineering Conference (SAUPEC), Nortn West University, South
Africa, 27-28 January 2021, 2021, 104. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9377242.
40. Central Pollution Control Board, "Solid waste management in slaughterhouse," Central Pollution Control Board, New
Delhi, India, September, 2004 2004. [Online]. Available:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322539158-SOLID-WASTEMANAGEMENT-IN-SLAUGHTER-HOUSE
41. Y.-M. Yoon, S.-H. Kim, S.-Y. Oh, and C.-H. Kim, "Potential of anaerobic digestion for material recovery and energy production in waste biomass from a poultry slaughterhouse," Waste Management, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 204-209, 2014/01/01/ 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.09.020
42. A. Hejnfelt and I. Angelidaki, "Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse by-products," Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 1046-1054, 2009/08/01/ 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.03.004.
43. A. Ware and N. Power, "Biogas from cattle slaughterhouse waste: Energy recovery towards an energy self-sufficient industry in Ireland," Renewable Energy, vol. 97, pp. 541-549, 2016/11/01/ 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.05.068.
44. North Dakota Government, Butcher Waste Disposal Options for Small Meat Plants Operating in ND, Bismarck, North Dakota: North Dakota Department of Agriculture, 2020, p. 7. [Online]. Available: https://www.nd.gov/ndda/sites/default/files/resource/Butcher%20Waste%20Disposal%20Options-0-0.pdf.
45. I. H. Franke-Whittle and H. Insam, "Treatment alternatives of slaughterhouse wastes, and their effect on the inactivation of different pathogens: a review," (in eng), Critical reviews in microbiology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp.
139-151, 2013, doi: 10.3109/1040841X.2012.694410.
46. P. J. Zabalaga, E. Cardozo, L. A. C. Campero, and J. A. A. Ramos, "Performance analysis of a Stirling engine hybrid power system," Energies, vol. 13, no. 4, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040980. 881/BSE-240.pdf
48. F. Cucchiell, I. D’Adamo, and M. Gastaldi, "Biomethane: A renewable resource as vehicle fuel," Resources, vol. 6, no. 58, 2017.
49. S. Bhardwaj and P. Das, "A Review: Advantages and Disadvantages of Biogas," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 890-893, 2017.
50. G. U. Megwai and T. Richards, "A Techno-Economic Analysis of Biomass Power Systems Using Aspen Plus," International Journal of Power and Renewable Energy Systems (IJPRES), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 25-36, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.divaportal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2 %3A1056211&dswid=8509.
51. A. Barragán-Escandón, J. M. Olmedo Ruiz, J. D. Curillo Tigre, and E. F. Zalamea-León, "Assessment of Power Generation Using Biogas from Landfills in an Equatorial Tropical Context," Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 2669, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/7/2669.
52. Energypedia. "Biogas basics." Energypedia. https://energypedia.info/wiki/Biogas-Basics (accessed 23 December
2020, 2020).
53. M. Tabatabaei et al., "A comprehensive review on recent biological innovations to improve biogas production, Part 1: Upstream strategies," Renewable Energy, vol. 146, pp. 1204-1220, 2020/02/01/ 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.037.
54. P. M. Nyamukamba, P Chikukwa, E S Makaka, G, "Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A Review," (in English), Energies, vol. 13, no. 6088, pp. 1-17, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226088.
55. D. Palit et al., "The trials and tribulations of the Village Energy Security Programme (VESP) in India," Energy Policy, vol. 57, no. 2013, pp. 407–417, 2013, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.006.
56. S. Sarkar et al., "Management of crop residues for improving input use efficiency and agricultural sustainability," Sustainability, Review vol. 12, no. 9808, pp. 1-24, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239808.
57. IRENA. Biogas for road vehicles: Technology brief. (2018). Abu Dhabi. [Online]. Available: https://www.irena.org/publications/2017/Mar/Biogas-for-road-vehiclesTechnology-brief
58. O. M. AL-Hawaja and H. AL-Mutairi, " A combined power cycle with absorption air conditioning," vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 971-982, 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.11.006.
59. I. N. Budiyono, S. Widias, Johari, and Sunarso, "Study on Slaughterhouse Wastes Potency and Characteristic for Biogas Production," International Journal of Waste Resources, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 4-7, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.longdom.org/open-access/studyon-slaughterhouse-wastes-potency-and-characteristic-for-biogasproduction-2252-5211.1000102.pdf.
60. R. E. H. Sims, H. Rogner, and K. Gregory, "Carbon emission and mitigation cost comparisons between fossil fuel, nuclear and renewable energy resources for electricity generation," Energy Policy, vol. 31, no. 13, pp. 1315-1326, 2003, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00192-1.
61. B. K. McCabe, I. Hamawand, P. Harris, C. Baillie, and T. Yusaf, "A case study for biogas generation from covered anaerobic ponds treating abattoir wastewater: Investigation of pond performance and potential biogas production," Applied Energy, vol. 114, pp. 798-808, 2014/02/01/2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.10.020.
62. B. Fatima et al., "Enhanced biogas production at mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures from a slaughterhouse waste with zeolite as ammonia adsorbent," International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 265-274, 2021/02/01 2021, doi: 10.1007/s13762-020-02822-w.
63. Grossfurtner. "Grossfurtner pig slaughterhouse in Austria made major improvements." Grossfurtner. https://www.eyesonanimals.com/abouteyes-on-animals/what-we-do/.
64. Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Biogas from slaughterhouse waste: towards an energy self-sufficient industry, Viena Austria: IEA BIOENERGY, 2020, p. 4. [Online]. Available: https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/stmartin.pdf.
65. Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Biogas Plant Grossfurtner, Viena, Austria: University of Natural Resources and Applied Liefe Sciences, Vienna, 2020, p. 1. [Online]. Available: http://wiki.zeroemissions.at/images/f/f0/D3.2-factsheet-St.Martin-english.pdf.
66. A. Ware and N. Power, "What is the effect of mandatory pasteurisation on the biogas transformation of solid slaughterhouse wastes?," Waste Management, vol. 48, pp. 503-512, 2016/02/01/ 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.013.
67. G. P. Baron. "Home biogas system." Appropedia. https://www.appropedia.org/Home-biogas-system-(Philippine BioDigesters)?gclid.
68. D. Macharia and W. N. Musungu, Institutional Biogas Installer Manual, Nairobi, Kenya: IT Power Eastern Africa, 2008, p. 29. [Online]. Available: https://www.wisions.net/files/uploads/IT%20PowerInstaller%20Biogas%20Manual-SEPS-SC048.pdf.
69. M. J. K. Barasa, "Transformational Vs Transactional Leadership with Examples," International Journal of Business & Management, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 191-193. , 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.internationaljournalcorner.com/index.php/theijbm/article/view/129786/90079
70. M. B. K. Jeremiahi, "Evolution of Project Management, Monitoring and Evaluation, with Historical Events and Projects that Have Shaped the Development of Project Management as a Profession," International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), vol. 8 no. 12, 2019, doi: 10.21275/ART20202078.
71. J. B. K. Moses, "Project and Program Evaluation Consultancy With Terms of Reference, Challenges, Opportunities, and
Recommendations," International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 171-194, 2019, doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.12.2019.p9622.
72. (1988). 3-528-02032-6, Engines for biogas. [Online] Available: https://biogas.ifas.ufl.edu/addevelopment/documents/Engines%20for%20biogas.pdf
73. D. M. Riley, J. Tian, G. Güngör-Demirci, P. Phelan, J. R. Villalobos, and R. J. Milcarek, "Techno-Economic Assessment of CHP Systems in Wastewater Treatment Plants," Environments, vol. 7, no. 10, p. 74, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/7/10/74.
74. USDA, "Economics of Anaerobic Digesters for Processing Animal Manure," 2019. Accessed: 30/11/2020. [Online]. Available: https://lpelc.org/economics-of-anaerobic-digesters-for-processinganimal-manure/
75. M. J. B. Kabeyi and A. O. Oludolapo, "The Potential of Grid Power Generation from Municipal Solid Waste for Nairobi
City," presented at the 2nd African International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Harare, Zimbabwe, December 7-10, 2020, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.ieomsociety.org/harare2020/papers/81.pdf.
76. IEA, "Outlook for biogas and biomethane: Prospects for organic growth," International Energy Agency, IEA, Paris, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/outlook-for-biogas-andbiomethane-prospects-for-organic-growth/an-introduction-to-biogas and-biomethane.
77. T. Bond and M. R. Templeton, "History and future of domestic biogas plants in the developing world," Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 347-354, 2011/12/01/ 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2011.09.003.
78. P. J. He, "Anaerobic digestion: An intriguing long history in China," (in eng), Waste Manag, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 549-50, Apr 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.002.
79. A. E. Cioabla, I. Ionel, G.-A. Dumitrel, and F. Popescu, "Comparative study on factors affecting anaerobic digestion of agricultural vegetal residues," (in eng), Biotechnology for biofuels, vol. 5, pp. 39-39, 2012, doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-39.
80. B. Hampil, "The influence of temperature on the life processes and death of bacteria," The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 172-196, 1932. [Online]. Available: s://www.jstor.org/stable/2808442.
81. C. Schiraldi and M. De Rosa, "Mesophilic Organisms," in Encyclopedia of Membranes, E. Drioli and L. Giorno Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Research Article Journal of Energy Management and Technology (JEMT) Vol. 6, Issue 3 208
Berlin Heidelberg, 2016, pp. 1-2.
82. L. A. Kristoferson and V. Bokalders, "9 - BIOGAS," in Renewable Energy Technologies, L. A. Kristoferson and V. Bokalders Eds.: Pergamon, 1986, pp. 100-113.
83. B. M. Smyth, H. Smyth, and J. D. Murphy, "Can grass biomethane be an economically viable biofuel for the farmer and the consumer?," Biofuels and biorefining vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 519-537, September/October 2010 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.238.
84. Y. Shen, J. L. Linville, M. Urgun-Demirtas, M. M. Mintz, and S. W. Snyder, "An overview of biogas production and utilization at full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the United States: Challenges and opportunities towards energy-neutral WWTPs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 50, no. 2015, pp. 346-362, 2015, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.129.
85. N. Milkov, T. Evtimov, and P. Punov, "Advanced Technologies for Waste Heat Recovery in Internal Combustion Engines," in XLVII International Scientific Conference on Information, Communication and Energy Systems and Technologies, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria June 28-30, 2012 2012, vol. 2, no. 2: Faculty of Telecommunications, pp. 1-4. [Online]. Available: http://www.icestconf.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/proceedings/icest2012-02.pdf. [Online]. Available: http://www.icestconf.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/proceedings/icest-2012-02.pdf
86. Energypedia. "Biogas plant used for power generation.png." Energypedia https://energypedia.info/wiki/Electricity-Generation-from-Biogas (accessed 16 December 2020, 2020).
87. N. Haga, "Combustion engine power plants," Wärtsilä Corporation, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.wartsila.com/docs/defaultsource/power-plants-documents/downloads/whitepapers/general/wartsila-bwp-combustion-engine-power-plants.pdf